THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

The Chemical Elements
Updated September, 2014
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Note: Specific Gravity is expressed in kilograms per liter

except for gases which are stated in grams per liter.

************************* *** Atomic Atomic Spec Melting Boiling # of Year of ***************************************

Element Sym Numb Mass Grav Point℃ Point℃ Iso Discovery Discoverer(s)

Actinium Ac 89 227.20 10.07 1,050 3,200 11 1899 Debierne

Aluminum Al 13 26.98 2.70 660.4 2,467 8 1827 Wöhler

Americium Am 95 243.00 13.67 994.0 2,607 13 1944 Seaborg et al

Antimony Sb 51 121.75 6.61 630.7 1,750 29 Early historic times

Argon Ar 18 39.95 1.78 -189.2 -186 8 1894 Rayleigh and Ramsay

Arsenic As 33 74.92 5.73 817.0 613 14 1250 Albertus Magnus

Astatine At 85 210.00 ---- 302.0 337 21 1940 Corson et al

Barium Ba 56 137.34 3.50 725.0 1,640 25 1808 Davy

Berkelium Bk 97 247.00 14 986.0 8 1949 Seaborg et al

Berylium Be 4 9.01 1.85 1,278 2,970 6 1798 Vauquelin

Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 9.75 271.3 560 19 1753 Geoffroy

Bohrium Bh 107 1981 GSI Helmholtz Ctr Heavy Ion Res

Boron B 5 10.81 2.37 2,300 2,550 6 1808 Gay-Lussac&Thénard; Davy

Bromine Br 35 79.90 3.12 -7.2 59 19 1826 Balard

Cadmium Cd 48 112.40 8.65 320.9 765 22 1817 Stromeyer

Calcium Ca 20 40.08 1.55 839.0 1,484 14 1808 Davy

Californium Cf 98 251.00 12 1950 Seaborg et al

************************* *** Atomic Atomic Spec Melting Boiling # of Year of ***************************************

Element Sym Numb Mass Grav Point℃ Point℃ Iso Discovery Discoverer(s)

Carbon C 6 12.01 1.83 3,550 4,827 7 Prehistoric

Cerium Ce 58 140.12 6.77 798.0 3,257 19 1803 Berzelius&Hisinger;Klaproth

Cesium Cs 55 132.91 1.87 28.4 678 22 1860 Bunsen and Kirchoff

Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 1.56 -101.0 -35 11 1774 Scheele

Chromium Cr 24 52.00 7.18 1,857 2,672 9 1797 Vauquelin

Cobalt Co 27 58.93 8.90 1,495 2,870 14 1735 Brandt

Copernicium Cn 112 1981 GSI Helmholtz Ctr Heavy Ion Res

Copper Cu 29 63.55 8.96 1,083.4 2,567 11 Prehistoric

Curium Cm 96 247.00 13.51 1,340 13 1944 Seaborg et al

Darmstadtium Ds 110 1994 GSI Helmholtz Ctr Heavy Ion Res

Dubnium Db 105 1968 Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research

Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 8.54 1,409 2,335 21 1886 Boisbaudran

Einsteinium Es 99 254.00 12 1952 Ghiorso et al

Erbium Er 68 167.26 9.05 1,522 2,510 16 1843 Mosander

Europium Eu 63 151.96 5.28 822.0 1,597 21 1896 Demarcay

Fermium Fm 100 257.00 6.00 10 1953 Ghiorso et al

Flerovium Fl 114 1999 Joint Inst & Lawrence Livermore

************************* *** Atomic Atomic Spec Melting Boiling # of Year of ***************************************

Element Sym Numb Mass Grav Point℃ Point℃ Iso Discovery Discoverer(s)

Fluorine F 9 19.00 1.11 -219.6 -188 6 1886 Moissan

Francium Fr 87 223.00 27.0 677 21 1938 Perey

Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 7.90 1,311 3,233 17 1880 Marignac

Gallium Ga 31 69.72 5.90 29.8 2,403 14 1875 Boisbaudran

Germanium Ge 32 72.59 5.32 937.4 2,830 17 1886 Winkler

Gold Au 79 196.97 19.32 1,064.4 2,807 21 Prehistoric

Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 13.31 2,227 4,602 17 1923 Coster and von Hevesy

Hassium Hs 108 1984 GSI Helmholtz Ctr Heavy Ion Res

Helium He 2 4.00 0.18 -272.2 -269 1868 Janssen

Holmium Ho 67 164.93 8.78 1,470 2,720 29 1878 Delafontaine and Soret

Hydrogen H 1 1.01 0.07 -259.1 -253 3 1766 Cavendish

Indium In 49 4.82 7.31 156.6 2,080 34 1863 Reich and Richter

Iodine I 53 6.90 4.93 113.5 184 24 1811 Cortois

Iridium Ir 77 192.22 22.42 2,410 4,130 25 1803 Tennant

Iron Fe 26 55.85 7.89 1,535 2,750 10 Prehistoric

Krypton Kr 36 83.80 3.73 -156.6 -152 23 1898 Ramsay and Travers

Lanthanum La 57 138.91 6.17 920.0 3,454 19 1839 Mosander

************************* *** Atomic Atomic Spec Melting Boiling # of Year of ***************************************

Element Sym Numb Mass Grav Point℃ Point℃ Iso Discovery Discoverer(s)

Lawrenceium Lr 103 262.00 20 1961 Ghiorso et al

Lead Pb 82 207.20 11.35 327.5 1,740 29 Prehistoric

Lithium Li 3 6.94 0.53 180.5 1,347 0 1817 Arfvedson

Livermorium Lv 116 2000 Joint Inst & Lawrence Livermore

Lutetium Lu 71 174.97 9.84 1,656 3,315 22 1907 Urbain

Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 1.74 648.8 1,090 8 1755 Black

Manganese Mn 25 54.94 7.21 1,244 1,962 11 1774 Gahn, Scheele, and Bergman

Meitnerium Mt 109 2000 GSI Helmholtz Ctr Heavy Ion Res

Mendelevium Md 101 256.00 3 1955 Ghiorso et al

Mercury Hg 80 200.59 13.55 -38.9 357 26 Prehistoric

Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 10.22 2,617 4,612 20 1778 Scheele

Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 6.80 1,010 3,127 16 1885 von Welsbach

Neon Ne 10 20.00 0.18 -248.7 -246 8 1898 Ramsay and Travers

Neptunium Np 93 237.00 20.25 15 1940 McMillan and Abelson

Nickel Ni 28 58.71 8.90 1,453 2,732 11 1751 Cronstedt

Niobium Nb 41 92.91 8.57 2,468 4,742 24 1801 Hatchett

Nitrogen N 7 14.01 0.81 -209.9 -196 8 1772 Rutherford

************************* *** Atomic Atomic Spec Melting Boiling # of Year of ***************************************

Element Sym Numb Mass Grav Point℃ Point℃ Iso Discovery Discoverer(s)

Nobelium No 102 254.00 7 1957 Ghiorso et al

Oganesson Og 118

Osmium Os 76 190.20 22.57 3,045 5,027 19 1803 Tennant

Oxygen O 8 16.00 0.14 -218.4 -183 8 1774 Preistley

Palladium Pd 46 106.40 12.02 1,552 3,140 21 1803 Wollaston

Phosphorous P 15 30.97 1.82 44.1 280 7 1669 Brand

Platinum Pt 78 195.09 21.45 1,772 3,827 32 1735 Ulloa

Plutonium Pu 94 244.00 19.84 641.0 3,232 16 1940 Seaborg et al

Polonium Po 84 210.00 9.32 254.0 962 34 1898 Curie

Potassium K 19 39.10 0.86 63.7 774 10 1807 Davy

Praseodymium Pr 59 140.91 6.77 931.0 3,212 15 1885 von Weisbach

Promethium Pm 61 145.00 1,080 2,460 14 1945 Marinsky et al

Protactinium Pa 91 231.04 15.37 1,600 14 1917 Hahn and Meitner

Radium Ra 88 226.03 5.00 700.0 1,140 15 1898 P. and M. Curie

Radon Rn 86 222.00 -62 20 1900 Dorn

Rhenium Re 75 186.20 21.02 3,180 5,627 21 1925 Noddack, Berg, and Tacke

************************* *** Atomic Atomic Spec Melting Boiling # of Year of ***************************************

Element Sym Numb Mass Grav Point℃ Point℃ Iso Discovery Discoverer(s)

Rhodium Rh 45 102.91 12.41 1,966 3,727 20 1803 Wollaston

Roentgenium Rg 111 1994 GSI Helmholtz Ctr Heavy Ion Res

Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 1.53 38.9 688 20 1861 Bunsen and Kirchoff

Rutherfordium Rf 104 261.00 1969 Ghiorso et al

Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 12.44 2,310 3,900 16 1844 Klaus

Samarium Sm 62 150.40 7.54 1,072 1,778 17 1879 Boisbaudran

Scandium Sc 21 44.96 2.99 1539 2832 15 1879 Nilson

Seaborgium Sg 106 263.00 1974 Ghiorso et al

Selenium Se 34 78.96 4.79 217.0 685 20 1817 Berzelius

Silicon Si 14 28.09 2.33 1,410 2,355 8 1824 Berzelius

Silver Ag 47 107.87 10.5 961.9 2,212 27 Prehistoric

Sodium Na 11 22.99 0.97 97.8 883 7 1807 Davy

Strontium Sr 38 87.62 2.54 769.0 1,384 18 1808 Davy

Sulfur S 16 32.06 2.07 112.8 445 10 Prehistoric

Tantalum Ta 73 180.95 16.65 2,996 5,425 19 1801 Ekeberg

Technetium Tc 43 98.06 11.5 2,172 4,877 23 1937 Perrier and Segré

************************* *** Atomic Atomic Spec Melting Boiling # of Year of ***************************************

Element Sym Numb Mass Grav Point℃ Point℃ Iso Discovery Discoverer(s)

Tellurium Te 52 127.60 6.24 449.5 990 29 1782 von Reichenstein

Tennisine Ts 117

Terbium Tb 65 158.93 8.23 1,360 3,041 24 1843 Mosander

Thallium Tl 81 204.37 11.85 303.5 1,457 28 1861 Crookes

Thorium Th 90 232.04 11.72 1,750 4,790 12 1828 Berzelius

Thulium Tm 69 168.93 9.31 1,545 1,727 18 1879 Cleve

Tin Sn 50 118.69 7.31 232.0 2,270 28 Prehistoric

Titanium Ti 22 47.90 4.55 1,660 3,287 9 1791 Gregor

Tungsten W 74 183.85 19.3 3,410 5,660 22 1783 J. and F. d'Elhuyar

Uranium U 92 238.03 18.95 1,132.3 3,818 15 1841 Peligot

Vanadium V 23 50.94 6.11 1,890 3,380 9 1801 del Rio

Xenon Xe 54 131.30 3.52 -219.0 31 1898 Ramsay and Travers

Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 6.97 824.0 1,193 16 1878 Marignac

Yttrium Y 39 88.91 4.46 1,523 3,337 21 1794 Gadolin

Zinc Zn 30 65.38 7.13 419.6 907 15 Prehistoric

Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 6.51 1,852 4,377 20 1789 Klaproth

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*************************	***	Atomic	Atomic	Spec	Melting	Boiling	# of	Year of	***************************************
Element	Sym	Numb	Mass	Grav	Point℃	Point℃	Iso	Discovery	Discoverer(s)
Actinium	Ac	89	227.20	10.07	1,050	3,200	11	1899	Debierne
Aluminum	Al	13	26.98	2.70	660.4	2,467	8	1827	Wöhler
Americium	Am	95	243.00	13.67	994.0	2,607	13	1944	Seaborg et al
Antimony	Sb	51	121.75	6.61	630.7	1,750	29	Early historic times
Argon	Ar	18	39.95	1.78	-189.2	-186	8	1894	Rayleigh and Ramsay
Arsenic	As	33	74.92	5.73	817.0	613	14	1250	Albertus Magnus
Astatine	At	85	210.00	----	302.0	337	21	1940	Corson et al
Barium	Ba	56	137.34	3.50	725.0	1,640	25	1808	Davy
Berkelium	Bk	97	247.00	14	986.0		8	1949	Seaborg et al
Berylium	Be	4	9.01	1.85	1,278	2,970	6	1798	Vauquelin
Bismuth	Bi	83	208.98	9.75	271.3	560	19	1753	Geoffroy
Bohrium	Bh	107						1981	GSI Helmholtz Ctr Heavy Ion Res
Boron	B	5	10.81	2.37	2,300	2,550	6	1808	Gay-Lussac&Thénard; Davy
Bromine	Br	35	79.90	3.12	-7.2	59	19	1826	Balard
Cadmium	Cd	48	112.40	8.65	320.9	765	22	1817	Stromeyer
Calcium	Ca	20	40.08	1.55	839.0	1,484	14	1808	Davy
Californium	Cf	98	251.00				12	1950	Seaborg et al